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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Data_logger" title="Data logger">Data logger</a>.</div>

<p>In <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>logging</b> is the act of keeping a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/log#Etymology_2" class="extiw external" title="wikt:log">log</a> of <a href="Event_(computing)" title="Event (computing)">events</a> that occur in a computer system, such as problems, errors or broad information on current operations. These events may occur in the <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> or in other <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a>. A message or <i>log entry</i> is recorded for each such event. These log messages can then be used to monitor and understand the operation of the system, to <a href="Debugging" title="Debugging">debug</a> problems, or during an <a href="Audit" title="Audit">audit</a>. Logging is particularly important in <a href="Multi-user_software" title="Multi-user software">multi-user software</a>, to have a central overview of the operation of the system.

</p><p>In the simplest case, messages are written to a file, called a <i>log file</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the messages may be written to a dedicated logging system or to a <a href="Log_management" title="Log management">log management</a> software, where it is stored in a database or on a different computer system.

</p><p>Specifically, a <i>transaction log</i> is a log of the communications between a system and the users of that system,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a data collection method that automatically captures the type, content, or time of transactions made by a person from a terminal with that system.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Web searching, a transaction log is an electronic record of interactions that have occurred during a searching episode between a Web search engine and users searching for information on that Web search engine.

</p><p>Many operating systems, software frameworks and programs include a logging system. A widely used logging standard is <a href="Syslog" title="Syslog">Syslog</a>, defined in <a href="Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">IETF RFC</a> 5424.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc5424_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc5424-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syslog standard enables a dedicated, standardized subsystem to generate, filter, record, and analyze log messages. This relieves software developers of having to design and code their ad hoc logging systems.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event_logs">Event logs</h3></div>

<p><i>Event logs</i> record events taking place in the execution of a system that can be used to understand the activity of the system and to diagnose problems.

They are essential to understand particularly in the case of applications with little user interaction.

</p><p>It can also be useful to combine log file entries from multiple sources. It is a different combination that may yield between with related events on different servers. Other solutions employ network-wide querying and <a href="Report" title="Report">reporting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transaction_logs">Transaction logs</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Transaction_log" title="Transaction log">Transaction log</a></div>

<p>Most <a href="Database" title="Database">database systems</a> maintain some kind of <i>transaction log</i>, which are not mainly intended as an audit trail for later analysis, and are not intended to be <a href="Human-readable" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-readable">human-readable</a>. These logs record changes to the stored data to allow the database to recover from <a href="Crash_(computing)" title="Crash (computing)">crashes</a> or other data errors and maintain the stored data in a consistent state. Thus, database systems usually have both general event logs and transaction logs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The use of data stored in transaction logs of Web search engines, Intranets, and Web sites can provide valuable insight into understanding the information-searching process of online searchers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This understanding can enlighten information system design, interface development, and devising the information architecture for content collections.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Message_logs">Message logs</h3></div>

<p><a href="Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat (IRC)</a>, <a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging (IM)</a> programs, <a href="Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> file sharing clients with chat functions, and <a href="Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer</a> games (especially <a href="MMORPG" class="mw-redirect" title="MMORPG">MMORPGs</a>) commonly have the ability to automatically save textual communication, both public (IRC channel/IM conference/MMO public/party chat messages) and private chat between users, as message logs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Message logs are almost universally plain text files, but IM and <a href="VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> clients (which support textual chat, e.g. Skype) might save them in <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> files or in a custom format to ease reading or enable <a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>.

</p><p>In the case of IRC software, message logs often include system/server messages and entries related to channel and user changes (e.g. topic change, user joins/exits/<a href="List_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Internet Relay Chat commands">kicks</a>/<a href="Block_(Internet)" title="Block (Internet)">bans</a>, <a href="Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a> changes, the user status changes), making them more like a combined message/event log of the channel in question, but such a log is not comparable to a true IRC server event log, because it only records user-visible events for the time frame the user spent being connected to a certain channel.

</p><p>Instant messaging and VoIP clients often offer the chance to store encrypted logs to enhance the user's privacy. These logs require a password to be decrypted and viewed, and they are often handled by their respective writing application. Some privacy focused messaging services, such as <a href="Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>, record minimal logs about users, limiting their information to connection times.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_logs">Server logs</h3></div>

<p>A <i>server log</i> is a log file (or several files) automatically created and maintained by a <a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> consisting of a list of activities it performed.

</p><p>A typical example is a <a href="Webserver_directory_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Webserver directory index">web server</a> log which maintains a history of page requests. The <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> maintains a standard format (the <a href="Common_Log_Format" title="Common Log Format">Common Log Format</a>) for web server log files, but other proprietary formats exist.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some servers can log information to computer readable formats (such as <a href="JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>) versus the human readable standard.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent entries are typically appended to the end of the file. Information about the request, including <a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">client</a> <a href="IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>, request <a href="Calendar_date" title="Calendar date">date</a>/<a href="Time" title="Time">time</a>, <a href="Webpage" class="mw-redirect" title="Webpage">page</a> requested, <a href="HTTPs" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTPs">HTTP</a> code, bytes served, <a href="User_agent" title="User agent">user agent</a>, and <a href="HTTP_referrer" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP referrer">referrer</a> are typically added. This data can be combined into a single file, or separated into distinct logs, such as an access log, <a href="Error" title="Error">error</a> log, or referrer log. However, server logs typically do not collect user-specific information.

</p><p>These files are usually not accessible to general Internet users, only to the <a href="Webmaster" title="Webmaster">webmaster</a> or other administrative person of an Internet service. A statistical analysis of the server log may be used to examine traffic patterns by time of day, day of week, referrer, or user agent. Efficient web site administration, adequate hosting resources and the fine tuning of sales efforts can be aided by analysis of the web server logs.

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<ul><li><a href="Digital_traces" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital traces">Digital traces</a> – One's unique set of traceable digital activities<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Log_management" title="Log management">Log management</a></li>

<li><a href="Logging_as_a_service" title="Logging as a service">Logging as a service</a> – Software architecture for ingesting logs</li>

<li><a href="Tracing_(software)#Event_logging" title="Tracing (software)">Tracing (software) § Event logging</a> - comparing software tracing with event logging</li>

<li><a href="Security_event_management#Event_logs" title="Security event management">Security event management § Event logs</a> - with a focus on security management</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jansen, Bernard J. (2006). "Search log analysis: What it is, what's been done, how to do it". <i>Library & Information Science Research</i>. <b>28</b> (3). Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">407–</span>432. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lisr.2006.06.005">10.1016/j.lisr.2006.06.005</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0740-8188">0740-8188</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.sqlserver.management.smo.logfile?view=sql-smo-preview">"LogFile Class (Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo)"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrandom2018" class="citation web cs1">Brandom, Russell (2 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/2/16841292/iran-telegram-block-encryption-protest-google-signal">"Iran blocks encrypted messaging apps amid nationwide protests"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. Vox Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015257/https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/2/16841292/iran-telegram-block-encryption-protest-google-signal">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFServer" class="citation web cs1">Server, Caddy Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caddyserver.com/">"How Logging Works - Caddy Documentation"</a>. <i>caddyserver.com</i>.</cite></span>

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